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The transfer case on my "new" M 37 jumps out of gear. Mostly when
I back out of the throttle but also with the throttle on.
I have not had a chance to look at anything on the underside yet like
linkage, etc.
Any tips on where to start or tests to perform??

Certainly the first thing to check would be the linkage. If its not adjusted right it could be preventing it from fully engaging. After that, its surgery time.
Tim

Agreed-transmissions are more susceptible to this than the transfer case.
Gary

Adjusting the linkages would be a good first step. The Manual lays out the steps it is important to follow the sequence. (High low first then 2-4)

Seldom would this issue be a linkage problem. A quick look at things from underneath while someone shifts the levers will eliminate the possibility as you will readily see if a linkage issue exist, bottom line, it isn't likely. Most of the time when this happens with the t/case, it's due to internal wear issues on the shift shaft detents, poppet balls, & springs. Wear on the splines & shift engaging gear teeth also play a huge role.

Thanks all.
I'll check the linkage just to be sure but it
looks like I'm in for a serious repair bill.